The carcinogenic profiles, trends, and cencer risks of regional smokeless tobacco products

Smokeless tobacco products have existed for centuries and vary significantly across geographical regions. The constituents found in each smokeless tobacco product depends on many factors, including social customs, manufacturing regulations, and the availability of local raw ingredients. Unfortunately, tobacco products have been linked to cancer over the past several decades, particularly of the oral cavity. In this study, the carcinogenic profiles, relative risks of oral cancer, and usage trends for three unique smokeless tobacco regions (United States, Sweden, and India) will be evaluated in order to determine the relative safety for each product. In this paper, the chemical analysis of various products from United States, as well as Swedish snus and Indian gutkha were reviewed, to establish constituent profiles. The main carcinogens evaluated were the tobacco-specific n-nitrosamines; gutkha displayed the highest values of these ingredients, with